CNC (Computer Numerical Control) ke lejoe la motheo la tlhahiso ea morao-rao, e nolofalletsang tlhahiso ea likarolo tse rarahaneng ka ho nepahala ho phahameng le ho pheta-pheta. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho siloa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe tse matla haholo tse kang Inconel 718 le Hastelloy, ho roala lisebelisoa ho hlaha e le phephetso e kholo, e amang katleho ea machining, boleng ba bokaholimo le litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso. Lisebelisoa tse matla haholo, tseo hangata li bitsoang li-superalloy tse thehiloeng ho nickel, li ratoa ka lebaka la thepa ea tsona e ikhethang ea mochini, ho kenyelletsa le matla a phahameng, ho hanyetsa kutu, le botsitso ba mocheso mochesong o phahameng. Litšobotsi tsena li etsa hore e be tsa bohlokoa haholo indastering e kang ea sefofane, matla le ts'ebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, empa li boetse li etsa hore ho be thata haholo ho li etsa mochini, e leng se lebisang ho potlakiso ea lisebelisoa le ho fokotsa bophelo ba lisebelisoa.

Ho roala lisebelisoa ho CNC milling ke ketsahalo e nang le mefuta e mengata e tsamaisoang ke motsoako oa mechine, mocheso le lik'hemik'hale pakeng tsa sesebelisoa sa ho itšeha le mosebetsi. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho le ho theha mefuta e nepahetseng ea ho bolela esale pele bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa maemo a machining, ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lisebelisoa le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso. Sengoliloeng sena se fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea mekhoa ea ho iphetola ha lintho ea ho roala lisebelisoa ho CNC ho sila lisebelisoa tse thata haholo, ho tsepamisitsoe maikutlo ho Inconel 718 le Hastelloy. E hlahloba mekhoa e meholo ea ho apara, tšusumetso ea maemo a ho itšeha, le mekhoa ea morao-rao ea ho bolela esale pele e sebelisoang ho bolela esale pele moaparo oa lisebelisoa. Litafole tse qaqileng li kenyelelitsoe ho bapisa mekhoa ea ho apara, mekhoa ea ho etsa mohlala, le liphuputso tsa liteko, tse fanang ka lisebelisoa tse matla le tsa saense bakeng sa bafuputsi le litsebi tšimong.

## Superhard Metal Materials: Thepa le Liphephetso

### Kakaretso ea Superhard Materials

Lisebelisoa tsa tšepe tse matla haholo, haholo li-superalloy tse thehiloeng ho nickel joalo ka Inconel 718 le Hastelloy, li etselitsoe maemo a feteletseng. Inconel 718, nickel-chromium alloy, e tumme ka matla a eona a ho hlahisa haholo (hoo e ka bang 1,100 MPa), e thibelang kutu e ntle haholo, le bokhoni ba ho boloka thepa ea mochini mocheso o fihlang ho 700 ° C. Sebopeho sa eona, se kenyeletsang nickel (50–55%), chromium (17–21%), iron, niobium, le molybdenum, se kenya letsoho tšebetsong ea eona e ikhethang lits'ebetsong tse kang mahare a turbine ea khase, likaroloana tsa sepakapaka, le li-reactor tsa nyutlelie. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Hastelloy, lelapa la li-alloys tse thehiloeng ho nickel (mohlala, Hastelloy C-22HS, Hastelloy X), le khetholloa ke ho hanyetsa ho bola le matla, haholo-holo ts'ebetsong ea lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tsa sefofane. Li-alloys tsa Hastelloy hangata li na le nickel, molybdenum, chromium, le likaroloana tse nyane tsa cobalt le tungsten, tse matlafatsang khanyetso ea tsona ho kutu le mocheso o phahameng oa oxidation.

Thepa ea mochini oa lisebelisoa tsena, leha e le molemo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea ho qetela, e baka mathata a maholo nakong ea mochini. Ts'ebetso ea bona e tlase ea mocheso (hoo e ka bang 11-15 W/m·K bakeng sa Inconel 718) e etsa hore mocheso o tsepamise maikutlo ho sebopeho sa sesebelisoa, se lebisang ho mocheso o phahameng oa ho itšeha. Ho feta moo, boteng ba mekhahlelo e thata (mohlala, γ″ le γ′ ho Inconel 718, Ni2(Mo,Cr) ho Hastelloy C-22HS) le li-carbides (mohlala, TiC, NbC) li eketsa ho senyeha ha thepa, ho potlakisa ho roala lisebelisoa. Ho thatafala ha mosebetsi, ketsahalo eo bokaholimo ba thepa bo thatafalang nakong ea machining, ho mpefatsa le ho feta ho roala ha lisebelisoa ka ho eketsa matla a ho itšeha le khatello ea kelello sesebelisoa.

### Mathata a ho sebetsa

Ho lokisa lisebelisoa tse thata haholo ho na le phephetso ka lebaka la boima ba tsona bo phahameng (175–240 Brinell bakeng sa Inconel 718 maemong a batang), conductivity e tlase ea mocheso, le tšekamelo ea ho theha mapheo a hahiloeng (BUE). Lintlha tsena li tlatsetsa mathateng a 'maloa a mochine:

- **Mecheso e Phahameng ea ho Seha **: Thekiso e tlaase ea mocheso oa li-superalloy e etsa hore mocheso o bokelle sebakeng sa ho itšeha, hangata se fetang 650 ° C, se ka senyang lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa le ho potlakisa ho apara.
- **Abrasive Wear**: Li-carbide tse thata le likarolo tsa thepa li hohola bokaholimo ba sesebelisoa, e leng se lebisang ho senyeheng le mahlakoreng.
- **Adhesive Wear**: Tloaelo ea li-superalloys tsa ho khomarela sebopeho sa lisebelisoa li etsa BUE, e ka lebisang ho pitting le ho phunyeha.
- **Mekhoa e Phahameng ea ho Seha**: Matla a phahameng le boitšoaro bo thata ba mosebetsi oa li-superalloy li fella ka matla a phahameng a ho itšeha, khatello ea lisebelisoa tse ntseng li eketseha le litekanyetso tsa ho apara.
- **Short Tool Life**: Motsoako oa khatello ea mocheso, mochini le lik'hemik'hale o fokotsa haholo bophelo ba lisebelisoa, o hloka hore lisebelisoa li fetohe khafetsa le ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso.

Liphephetso tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa mekhoa ea ho roala lisebelisoa le ho theha mefuta e lebelloang ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea machininge.

## Mekhoa ea ho roala lisebelisoa ho CNC siloa

### Kakaretso ea Tool Wear

Ho roala lisebelisoa ho CNC milling ke ho senyeha ho tsoelang pele ha sesebelisoa sa ho itšeha ka lebaka la tšebelisano le sesebedisoa tlas'a khatello e phahameng ea mocheso, mochini le lik'hemik'hale. E iponahatsa ka mefuta e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa ho roala ha flank, crater wear, notch wear, chipping, le ho phatloha ha mocheso. Phetoho ea ho roala lisebelisoa hangata e latela mekhahlelo e meraro e fapaneng:

1. **Mohato oa Pele oa ho Wear**: E khetholloa ka ho apara ka potlako ka lebaka la ho kopana ha sesebelisoa sa pele le sesebelisoa sa mosebetsi, hangata se kenyelletsang micro-chipping le adhesion.
2. **Sebaka sa Tikoloho sa Naha se Tsitsitseng**: Nako ea tsoelo-pele e batlang e tsitsitse ea ho apara, moo litekanyetso tsa ho apara li lebellehang le ho susumetsoa ke mekhoa ea ho itšeha.
3. **Accelerated Wear Stage**: E tšoauoa ka ho senyeha ka potlako, ho lebisang ho hloleheng ha lisebelisoa, hangata ka lebaka la tšenyo e eketsehileng e bakoang ke khatello ea mocheso le mechine.

Linthong tse thata tsa ho roala, mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho roala e kenyelletsa ho roala, ho roala sekhomaretsi, liaparo tse pharalletseng, le ho phatloha ha mocheso, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e susumetsoa ke thepa ea thepa, litšobotsi tsa lisebelisoa le maemo a ho itšeha.

### Abrasive Wear

Ho roala ha abrasive ho etsahala ha likaroloana tse thata sebakeng sa mosebetsi, joalo ka li-carbides (mohlala, TiC, NbC ho Inconel 718), li senya bokaholimo ba sesebelisoa. Mokhoa ona o atile lifahlehong tsa letlapa le li-rake tsa sesebelisoa, e leng se lebisang ho tahlehelo ea thepa e ts'oanang le ho thehoa ha libaka tsa ho roala. Liphuputso li bontšitse hore ho roala ha abrasive ho bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ho sila ka lebelo le phahameng, moo ho eketseha ha lebelo la ho itšeha ho mpefatsang tšebelisano pakeng tsa likaroloana tse thata le sesebelisoa. Mohlala, phuputso e mabapi le ho sila Inconel 718 e nang le lisebelisoa tsa carbide e samente e fumane hore moaparo oa abrasive o busa ka lebelo la spindle ka holimo ho 10,000 rpm, e leng se tlatsetsang ho bophara ba flank wear (VBmax) bo fetang 0.3 mm kamora 315 ho fokotsa.[](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954405416668925)

### Sekgomaretsi se Apare

Sekhomaretsi se hlahisa litholoana tse tsoang ho tjheseletsa ea lisebelisoa tsa mosebetsi ho ea sebakeng sa sesebelisoa tlas'a khatello e phahameng le mocheso, ho etsa BUE. Ha BUE e ntse e etsoa khafetsa le ho tlosoa, e baka ho putlama le ho phatloha holim'a sesebelisoa. Ho milling Inconel 718, ho roala sekhomaretsi ke mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho hlōleha, haholo-holo ka lebelo le tlaase la ho itšeha (mohlala, 36-50 m / min), moo tšekamelo ea thepa ea ho khomarela e boleloang. Lipatlisiso li bontša hore sekhomaretsi se ikarabella bakeng sa ho roala ha notch haufi le mothapo oa deep-of-cut (DOC), 'me radial DOC e le eona ntho ea bohlokoa e susumetsang ho tiea ha eona.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164812004681)

### Diffusous Wear

Ho apara ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho etsahala ka mocheso o phahameng ha liathomo tse tsoang ho lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa li kena ka har'a workpiece kapa ka tsela e fapaneng, li fokolisa bokaholimo ba sesebelisoa. Mochine ona o bohlokoa ho li-superalloy tsa milling ka lebaka la mocheso oa tsona o phahameng oa ho itšeha. Ka mohlala, ha ho etsoa mochine oa Hastelloy C-22HS ka lithulusi tsa carbide tse koahetsoeng, ho tšeloa ha titanium le chromium ho tloha sebakeng sa mosebetsi ho ea ka har'a matrix ea sesebelisoa ho fokotsa matla a eona, e leng se lebisang ho senyeha ha crater. Ho apara ka mokhoa o sa tsitsang ho bonahala ka lisebelisoa tsa cubic boron nitride (CBN) ka lebelo la ho itšeha ka holimo ho 80 m/min, moo mocheso o fetang tekanyo ea botsitso ba mocheso.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)

### Thermal Cracking

Ho phatloha ha mocheso ho bakoa ke khatello ea mocheso ea cyclic e bakoang ke ketso ea nakoana ea ho itšeha ha ho siloa. Lipotoloho tse potlakileng tsa ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa setsing sa lisebelisoa li baka mokhathala o chesang, e leng se lebisang ho mapetsong a sefahleho sa rake sa sesebelisoa. Boithuto bo mabapi le machining a lebelo le phahameng a Inconel 718 e nang le lisebelisoa tsa CBN tlas'a maemo a pholileng a khatello e phahameng e bonts'itse hore ho phatloha ha mocheso ke mokhoa o moholo oa ho hloleha ha ho itšeha ka lebelo le holimo ho 150 m/min, haholo-holo ka lisebelisoa tse tlase tsa CBN.[](https://www.fujipress.jp/ijat/au/ijate001400061045/)

### Mekhoa e meng ea ho Wear

Mekhoa e meng ea ho apara e kenyelletsa:

- **Plastiki Deformation **: Matla a phahameng a ho itšeha le mocheso a ka etsa hore lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa li senyehe ka polasetiki, haholo-holo lisebelisoa tse sa koaeloang tsa carbide.
- **Chipping**: Li-micro-fractures moeling oa sesebelisoa ka lebaka la khatello e phahameng ea mochini, hangata e bonoang lithulusing tsa ceramic ka litheko tse phahameng tsa phepelo.
- **Chemical Wear**: Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale lipakeng tsa sesebelisoa le sesebelisoa, joalo ka oxidation, e potlakisa ho roala ha mocheso o phahameng.

Letlapa la 1 le akaretsa mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho roala lisebelisoa tse hlokometsoeng ho CNC milling ea Inconel 718 le Hastelloy, hammoho le lintlha tsa bona tse susumetsang le lipontšo tse tloaelehileng.

**Letlapa la 1: Mekhoa ea ho Wear Tool ho CNC Milling ea Inconel 718 le Hastelloy **

| **Apara Mechanism** | **Tlhaloso** | **Mabaka a Tšusumetso** | **Tlhahiso e Tlwaelehileng** | **Litšupiso** |
>>
| Abrasive Wear | Mechanical abrasion ka likaroloana tse thata ka har'a workpiece | Lebelo le phahameng la spindle, li-carbides tse thata (TiC, NbC), boima ba lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa | Ho roala letlapa, ho roala masimo | |[](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954405416668925)
| Adhesive Wear | Welding ea thepa ea workpiece ho sesebelisoa, ho etsa BUE | Lebelo le tlase la ho itšeha, khatello e phahameng, tšekamelo ea ho khomarela lintho tse bonahalang | Ho roala ha notch, pitting, flaking | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164812004681)
| Diffussive Wear | Phapang ea atomic lipakeng tsa sesebelisoa le workpiece mochesong o phahameng | Mocheso o phahameng oa ho itšeha, ho lumellana ha lik'hemik'hale | Ho roala ha crater, ho fokolisa lisebelisoa | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)
| Thermal Cracking | Mapetso ka lebaka la khatello ea mocheso oa cyclic | Lebelo le phahameng la ho itšeha, ho itšeha nako le nako, khatello e pholileng | Rake mapetsong a sefahleho | |[](https://www.fujipress.jp/ijat/au/ijate001400061045/)
| Phetoho ea polasetiki | Tool thepa deformation tlas'a matla a phahameng | Matla a phahameng a ho itšeha, matla a thepa a tlaase a lisebelisoa | Deformation ea moeli | |[](https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2380)
| Chipa | Li-micro-fractures ka lehlakoreng la lisebelisoa | Sekhahla se phahameng sa phepo, lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa tsa brittle | fractures ea moeli | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)
| Chemical Wear | Karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, oxidation) | Mocheso o phahameng, workpiece e sebetsang | Ho senyeha ha sefahleho | |[](https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2380)

## Lintlha tse Susumetsang ho Aroa ha Lisebelisoa

### Ho Seha Liparamente

Mekhahlelo ea ho itšeha, ho kenyelletsa lebelo la ho itšeha, sekhahla sa phepelo, botebo ba sehiloeng (DOC), le lebelo la spindle, li susumetsa haholo ho roala ha lisebelisoa ho CNC ho sila lisebelisoa tse thata haholo. Liphello tsa bona li akaretsoa ka tlase:

- ** Ho itšeha Lebelo**: Lebelo le phahameng la ho itšeha le eketsa mocheso oa ho itšeha, ho potlakisa ho roala ha metsi le mocheso. Mohlala, phuputso ho Inconel 718 milling e fumane hore lebelo le ntseng le eketseha la ho itšeha ho tloha ho 36 m/min ho isa ho 55 m/min ho imenne habeli sekhahla sa ho apara lephako.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S175558171100040X)
- **Sekhahla sa Fepa**: Litefiso tse phahameng tsa phepelo li eketsa matla a ho itšeha, li khothalletsa ho roala ha likhomaretsi le ho petsoha. Direite tse nepahetseng tsa phepo (mohlala, 0.1–0.15 mm/rev) bophelo bo leka-lekaneng ba sesebelisoa le boleng ba bokantle.[](https://www.mechanics-industry.org/articles/meca/full_html/2020/02/mi190203/mi190203.html)
- **Botebo ba ho Seha**: Li-DOC tse kholoanyane tsa radial le axial li eketsa litekanyetso tsa ho tlosoa ha thepa empa li mpefatsa moaparo oa notch, haholo-holo moleng oa DOC.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164812004681)
- **Spindle Speed**: Lebelo le phahameng la spindle (mohlala, 10,000 rpm) le matlafatsa tšebetso ea mochini empa le eketsa maqheka ka lebaka la tšebelisano e eketsehileng ea lisebelisoa.[](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954405416668925)

### Lisebelisoa tsa Lisebelisoa le Liaparo

Khetho ea lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa le liphahlo li ama haholo ho hanyetsa ho roala. Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa ho sila li-superhard li kenyelletsa:

- **Cemented Carbide**: E sebelisoa haholo ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha eona le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, empa e tloaetse ho roala le ho khomarela. Melaetsa e mengata (mohlala, TiAlN/TiAl) e ntlafatsa ho se sebetse hantle ka 20–40%.[](https://www.mscdirect.com/betterMRO/mastering-inconel-machining)
- **Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)**: E loketse ho sebetsa ka lebelo le phahameng ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha eona ho phahameng le botsitso ba mocheso, empa e ka pepeseha habonolo ka likhatello tse phahameng tsa pholiso.[](https://www.fujipress.jp/ijat/au/ijate001400061045/)
- **Lisebelisoa tsa Ceramic**: Lirafshoa tse matlafalitsoeng ka Whisker (mohlala, SiAlON) li fana ka matla a holimo bakeng sa Hastelloy, empa ho phunya ke taba e amehang ka litefiso tse phahameng tsa lijo.[](https://www.mscdirect.com/betterMRO/techniques-tools-machining-potlakela)

Liaparo tse kang AlTiN le TiAlN li ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ho apara ka ho fokotsa likhohlano le ho eketsa boima bo chesang. Liaparo tse thehiloeng ho silicon li bontšitse keketseho ea 50% ea bophelo ba lisebelisoa ha ho siloa Inconel 718.[](https://www.mscdirect.com/betterMRO/mastering-inconel-machining)

### Maano a ho Pholisa le ho Tlatsa

Maano a ho futhumatsa le ho lubrication, joalo ka bonyane ba lubrication (MQL), high-pressure coolant (HPC), le cryogenic cooling, a susumetsa moaparo oa lisebelisoa ka ho laola mocheso le likhohlano:

- **MQL**: E fokotsa ho roala ha lisebelisoa ka 20–30% ha ho bapisoa le ho seha ha metsi ka ho fokotsa khohlano le mocheso.[](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-018-1911-3)
- **HPC**: E hatella ho roaleha ha crater empa e ka potlakisa ho notlela ha khatello e phahameng (mohlala, 20.3 MPa) ka lebaka la ho kenella ha sefofane sa jete ea metsi.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)
- **Cryogenic Cooling**: Ho sebelisa naetrojene e metsi kapa CO2, ho fokotsa mocheso, ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lisebelisoa ka ho fihla ho 40% ho Inconel 625 milling.[](https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2380)

Letlapa la 2 le bapisa phello ea maano a fapaneng a ho pholisa holim'a ho roala ha lisebelisoa ka thepa e thata haholo ea ho sila.

**Letlapa la 2: Kameho ea Maano a Pholiso ho Tool Wear ho CNC Milling**

| **Leano la ho Pholisa** | **Phokotso ea ho Rua ha Lisebelisoa ** | **Melemo ** | **Meeli** | **Litšupiso** |
>>
| Ho Omisa | Baseline | E na le litšenyehelo, e bonolo | Mocheso o phahameng, ho apara ka matla | |[](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-018-1911-3)
| MQL | 20-30% | Khohlano e fokolitsoeng, eco-friendly | Bokhoni bo fokolang ba ho pholisa | |[](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-018-1911-3)
| HPC | 30–50% (crater wear) | Ho pholisa ka katleho, ho tlosoa ha chip | Notching ka likhatello tse phahameng | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)
| Cryogenic Cooling | Ho fihlela ho 40% | Lithempereichara tse tlaase, boleng bo ntlafetseng ba holim'a metsi | Litšenyehelo tse phahameng, ho seta ho rarahaneng | |[](https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2380)

### Thepa ea Mosebetsi

Sebopeho sa microstructure le sebopeho sa lisebelisoa tse thata ka ho toba li susumetsa moaparo oa lisebelisoa. Ka mohlala, mekhahlelo ea γ″ le γ′ ho Inconel 718 e eketsa matla a ho kuta, e khothalletsa ho roala sekhomaretsi, ha likaroloana tsa Ni2 (Mo, Cr) tse Hastelloy C-22HS li matlafatsa khanyetso ea abrasion, e lebisang ho apara ka mokhoa o senyang. Kalafo ea mocheso, joalo ka botsofali habeli ho Inconel 718, e eketsa boima ba 'mele, sesebelisoa se mpefatsang. apara.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301679X25001574)[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/sc ience/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164812004681)

## Moetso oa Predictive of Tool Wear

### Bohlokoa ba Moetso oa Predictive

Ho bolela esale pele ka nepo ea ho roala ha lisebelisoa ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa CNC, ho fokotsa nako, le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo. Mefuta e reriloeng esale pele e thusa bahlahisi ho bolela esale pele bophelo ba lisebelisoa, ho hlophisa liphetoho tsa lisebelisoa, le ho ntlafatsa maemo a ho itšeha. Ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha ho roala lisebelisoa ka thepa e thata haholo, mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele e tlameha ho ikarabella bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea ho roala, maemo a ho itšeha le thepa ea thepa. Mekhoa e 'meli ea mantlha e laola ho bolela esale pele ka ho apara lisebelisoa: mehlala e thehiloeng ho fisiks le mefuta e tsamaisoang ke data.

### Mehlala e Thehiloeng ho Fisiks

Mehlala e thehiloeng ho fisiks e itšetleha ka likamano tse matla le kutloisiso ea mochini ea mekhoa ea ho apara. Li kenyelletsa likarolo tse kang matla a ho itšeha, mocheso, le thepa ea thepa ho bolela esale pele litekanyetso tsa ho apara. Mefuta e tloaelehileng e thehiloeng ho fisiks e kenyelletsa:

- **Taylor's Tool Life Equation**: Mohlala o matla o amanang le bophelo ba sesebelisoa le lebelo la ho itšeha, sekhahla sa phepelo, le DOC. Le hoja e le bonolo, ha e na kakaretso bakeng sa li-superalloy ka lebaka la mekhoa e rarahaneng ea ho apara.[](https://www.academia.edu/69451806/Modelling_tool_wear_in_cemented_carbide_machining_alloy_718)
- **Finite Element Method (FEM)**: E etsisa moaparo oa lisebelisoa ka ho etsa mohlala oa sebopeho sa chip, phetisetso ea mocheso le kabo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Mefuta ea FEM, joalo ka e kentsoeng tšebetsong ho DEFORM kapa ABAQUS, e 'nile ea sebelisoa ho etsisa ho siloa ha Inconel 718, empa hangata e na le bothata ba ho sotha ha mesh ka litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho apara.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301679X25001574)
- **Mehlala ea Mechini**: Meetso ena e kopanya mekhoa ea ho apara (mohlala, ea abrasive, e khomarelang) ka lisebelisoa tsa geometry le matla a ho itšeha. Moetso oa mochini oa Inconel 718 milling o fihletse ho nepahala ha 98.5% ho boleleng matla a ho itšeha ka ho kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa moaparo oa lepheko.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526612520308781)

Ho sa tsotellehe ho tiea ha bona ha mechine, mefuta e thehiloeng ho fisiks e hloka boitsebiso bo bongata ba liteko bakeng sa ho lekanya le ho loanela ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a ho itšeha.

### Meetso e tsamaisoang ke data

Mefuta e tsamaisoang ke data e matlafatsa ho ithuta ka mochini (ML) le mekhoa ea lipalo-palo ea ho bolela esale pele hore lisebelisoa li tla sebelisoa ho latela lintlha tsa nalane. Mehlala ena e ipabola ka ho hapa likamano tse rarahaneng, tse se nang moeli ntle le ho hloka tsebo e felletseng ea botaki. Mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea data e kenyelletsa:

- **Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)**: Li-ANN li bolela esale pele ho sebelisoa ha lisebelisoa ka ho etsa 'mapa oa lintlha tsa ho kenya (mohlala, lebelo la ho itšeha, sekhahla sa phepelo, matla a ho itšeha) ho sebelisa lihlahisoa. Boithuto mabapi le ho fetoha ha Inconel 718 bo fihletse ho nepahala ho holimo ha ho bapisoa le li-ANN ha li bapisoa le tlhahlobo ea maemo, haholo-holo ka lintlha tse fokolang.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S175558171100040X)
- **Manetweke a Nako e Telele ea Memori ea Nako e Khutšoane (LSTM)**: Marang-rang a LSTM, a loketseng lintlha tsa letoto la nako, a sebelisitsoe ho bolela esale pele ho roala ha flank ho micro-milling ea Inconel 718, ho fihlela coefficient ea khokahano ea 0.9453 le flank wear litekanyo.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141635923002039)
- **Meetso ea ho Ithuta ea Meta**: Mefuta ena e ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a ho itšeha ka data e fokolang. Moetso oa thuto ea metanium bakeng sa ho siloa ha titanium alloy o fihletse ho nepahala ho holimo ka sampole e le 'ngoe feela tlas'a maemo a macha.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0007850619300113)
- **Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)**: E kopantsoe le marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang (WNN), mefuta ea ARIMA-WNN e bolela esale pele ho roala ha mapheo a Inconel 718 ka lebelo le phahameng ka ho feta 95% ho nepahala.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213846322001924)

### Mefuta e Kopanetsoeng

Mefuta ea Hybrid e kopanya mekhoa e thehiloeng ho fisiks le e tsamaisoang ke data ho matlafatsa matla a bona. Ka mohlala, mokhoa oa ho kopanya oa fisiks o tsamaisoang ke data o sebelisang ARIMA le WNN o ile oa sebelisoa ho Inconel 718 milling, ho finyella ho nepahala ho phahameng ka ho kenyelletsa mekhoa ea ho apara e nang le mekhoa e metle ka tlhahlobo ea nako. Mofuta o mong oa lebasetere o sebelisang Levenberg-Marquardt le ANN tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa ho roaloa ha lisebelisoa tsa rotary ultrasonic machining tsa Inconel 718, tse fetang tsa setso. mehlala.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213846322001924)[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785321082468)

Letlapa la 3 le bapisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho bolela esale pele bakeng sa ho roala lisebelisoa ho CNC milling ea thepa e thata haholo.

**Letlapa la 3: Mekhoa ea ho Etsa Moetso oa Predictive bakeng sa Tool Wear ho CNC Milling**

| **Mofuta oa Mohlala** | **Atamela** | **Ho Nepaha** | **Melemo ** | **Meeli** | **Litšupiso** |
>>
| Taylor's Equation | Fisiks-E Thehiloe | Tlase–E itekanetseng | E bonolo, e matla | Kakaretso e lekantsoeng | |[](https://www.academia.edu/69451806/Modelling_tool_wear_in_cemented_carbide_machining_alloy_718)
| FEM (DEFORM/ABAQUS) | Fisiks-E Thehiloe | E itekanetseng–Hodimo | Lintlha tse qaqileng tsa mochine | Ho sotha ha Mesh, litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa computational | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301679X25001574)
| Mohlala oa Mechini | Fisiks-E Thehiloe | 98.5% (ho bolela ka matla) | E kopanya mekhoa ea ho apara | E hloka calibration e pharaletseng | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526612520308781)
| ANN | E tsamaisoang ke Boitsebiso | Holimo | E sebetsana le likamano tse se nang moeli | E hloka li-dataset tse kholo | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S175558171100040X)
| LSTM | E tsamaisoang ke Boitsebiso | 0.9453 (kamano) | E loketse letoto la nako | Mokhoa o rarahaneng oa koetliso | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141635923002039)
| Meta-Ho Ithuta | E tsamaisoang ke Boitsebiso | Phahameng (disampole tse seng kae) | E ikamahanya le maemo a macha | Netefatso e lekanyelitsoeng | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0007850619300113)
| ARIMA-WNN | Hybrid | >95% | E kopanya fisiks le data | Sebopeho se rarahaneng sa mohlala | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213846322001924)
| LM-ANN | Hybrid | Holimo | Ho leka-lekanya ho nepahala le ho sebetsa hantle | E hloka optimization | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785321082468)

## Lithuto tsa liteko le liphumano

### Milling Inconel 718

Liphuputso tse ngata tsa liteko li batlisisitse ho roala ha lisebelisoa ho CNC milling ea Inconel 718. Phuputso e sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa carbide tse entsoeng ka samente e kopantsoeng le mohlala oa Euler-Lagrange (CEL) FEM e fumane hore liaparo tsa abrasive le li-adhesive li laola ka lebelo la ho itšeha la 36-55 m / min, le litekanyetso tsa ho apara lephekong li eketseha ka mocheso. Phuputso e 'ngoe e mabapi le ho sila ka lebelo le phahameng ka lebelo la 10,000 rpm e bonts'itse ho roala ha mochini e le mokhoa oa mantlha nakong ea methati ea pele le e tsitsitseng, e fetelang ho moaparo oa motsoako (ho khoasolla, ho khomarela le ho qhalakana) sethaleng se potlakileng. Tšilo e thusoang ke MQL e fokotsitse ho roala ha flank ka 20-30% ha ho bapisoa le ho seha ho omileng, ho totobatsa karolo ea tlotsa.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301679X25001574)[](https://journals. sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0954405416668925)[](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-018-1911-3)

### Milling Hastelloy

Hastelloy, haholo-holo C-22HS, e bonts'a mathata a tšoanang a ho apara. Boithuto mabapi le ho fetola Hastelloy C-22HS ka lithulusi tsa carbide tse koahetsoeng li fumane hore liaparo tse pharalletseng le sekhomaretsi e ne e le tsona tse ka sehloohong, ka khatello e matla e fokotsang matla a ho itšeha empa e potlakisa notching ho 20.3 MPa. Pholiso ea Cryogenic ka CO2 e ntlafalitse bophelo ba sesebelisoa ka 40% ha ho siloa Hastelloy X, ho hlahisoa ke ho fokotseha ha thempereichara.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)[](https://www.mscdirect.com/bettermang-tool/

### Tlhahlobo ea Papiso

Letlapa la 4 le akaretsa liphetho tsa bohlokoa tsa liteko mabapi le ho roala ha lisebelisoa ho Inconel 718 le Hastelloy.

**Letlapa la 4: Liphuputso tsa Teko ho Tool Wear ho CNC Milling**

| **Lisebelisoa** | **Mofuta oa Sesebelisoa ** | **Ho itšeha Maemo** | **Mekhoa e Tloaelehileng ea Wear** | **Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa** | **Litšupiso** |
|------------------------------------------------------|----- -------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| Inconel 718 | Carbide e entsoeng ka samente | 36–55 m/min, 0.15 mm/rev | Abrasive, Sekhomaretsi | Sekhahla sa ho roala lephako se imena habeli ka lebelo | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S175558171100040X)
| Inconel 718 | Carbide (PVD-e koahetsoeng) | 8000 rpm, 0.125 limilimithara DOC | Notch, Flaking | Notch e roala moleng oa DOC | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164812004681)
| Inconel 718 | CBN | 150 m/min, HPC | Thermal Cracking | Ho petsoha ho hatelloa ka H-CBN | |[](https://www.fujipress.jp/ijat/au/ijate001400061045/)
| Hastelloy C-22HS | Carbide e koahetsoeng | Pholiso ea khatello e phahameng | Phatlalatso, Sekhomaretsi | Notching ho 20.3 MPa | |[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043164810004011)
| Hastelloy X | Ceramic (SiAlON) | Cryogenic CO2 | Abrasive, Sekhomaretsi | 40% ntlafatso ea bophelo ba lisebelisoa | |[](https://www.mscdirect.com/betterMRO/techniques-tools-machining-hastelloy)

## Maano a Ntlafatso

### Ho Seha Ntlafatso ea Parameter

Ho ntlafatsa likarolo tsa ho itšeha ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho fokotsa ho roala ha lisebelisoa. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) le Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ho khetholla mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho fetola Inconel 718, ka lebelo la ho itšeha la 100 m/min le litefiso tsa phepelo tsa 0.1 mm/rev tse fanang ka pheletso e ntle ka ho fetesisa le bophelo ba lisebelisoa. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) le Bacteria Foraging Optimization (BFO) li fokolitse moaparo oa lephako ka ho ntlafatsa lebelo la ho itšeha, sekhahla sa phepelo, le DOC ho thuso ea MQL. ho sila.[](https://www.mechanics-industry.org/articles/meca/full_html/2020/02/mi190203/mi190203.html)[](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-018-1911)

### Moralo oa Lisebelisoa le Khetho

Meralo ea lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele, joalo ka helix e feto-fetohang le li-angles tsa pitch, li fokotsa ho roala ka ho fokotsa ho thothomela le matla a ho itšeha. Lisebelisoa tsa CBN tse nang le litaba tse phahameng tsa CBN li khothaletsoa bakeng sa machining a lebelo le phahameng ka lebaka la khoele ea tsona e tlase ea katoloso ea mocheso. Liaparo tse joalo ka AlTiN le li-silicone tse thehiloeng ho silicon li ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ho apara, haholo-holo ka ho senya maemo.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526612520308781)[](https://www.fujipress.jp/ijat/au/ijate001400061045/)[](https://www.msccondirect.com/betteringchinchi)

### Mekhoa e Tsoetseng Pele ea ho Pholisa

Cryogenic cooling le MQL li fana ka melemo ea bohlokoa ho fokotsa ho roala lisebelisoa. Phuputso e mabapi le Inconel 625 milling e nang le mocheso o tlase oa CO2 e tlalehile ho ntlafala ha sebopeho sa bokaholimo le ho lieha ho tsoela pele ho apara. Sistimi ea pholiso ea Hybrid, e kopanyang MQL le maro a cryogenic, e bonts'a ts'episo empa e hloka lipatlisiso tse ling bakeng sa ho bolela esale pele. ho etsa mohlala.[](https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2380)[](https://mfr.edp-open.org/articles/mfreview/full_html/2023/01/mfreview220071/mfreview220071.html

## Litsela tsa nako e tlang

### Emerging Technologies

Theknoloji e ntseng e tsoela pele, joalo ka tlhahiso ea li-additive (AM) ea lisebelisoa le mekhoa e nyalisitsoeng ea mochini (mohlala, mochini o ntšang motlakase ka ho sila), e fana ka monyetla oa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa. Likarolo tsa AM Inconel 718 li bonts'a machina a fapaneng ha a bapisoa le thepa e betliloeng, e hlokang mefuta e hlophisitsoeng ea moaparo. Sistimi e kopanyang ea ho pholisa le lirafshoa tse tsoetseng pele, joalo ka lipente tse thata tsa nanocomposite, le tsona ke libaka tsa lipatlisiso tse sebetsang.[](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1526612520308781)[](https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/acs-10.1139/2019/0110.

### Likhaello tsa Lipatlisiso

Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele, likheo tse ngata tsa lipatlisiso li ntse li le teng:

- **Mehlala ea Hybrid Cooling**: Lithuto tse fokolang tsa mefuta e sa lebelloang bakeng sa pholiso e nyalisitsoeng ho supermotsoako motsoako.
- **Tlhahlobo ea Nako ea Sebele**: Khokahano ea tlhahlobo ea boemo ba lisebelisoa tsa nako ea 'nete (TCM) e nang le mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa taolo e ikamahanyang le maemo.
- **Mehlala ea Multi-Physics**: Nts'etsopele ea mefuta e felletseng e kopanyang mekhoa ea mocheso, ea mochini le ea lik'hemik'hale.
- **Moshoelella**: Ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e ntle ea matla le tšusumetso ea tikoloho mefuteng ea ho bolela esale pele ea moaparo.

### Qetello

Ho siloa ha CNC ha thepa e thata ka ho fetesisa joalo ka Inconel 718 le Hastelloy ho hlahisa liphephetso tse kholo ka lebaka la matla a bona a phahameng, mocheso o tlase oa mocheso, le tlhaho ea ho hlaba. Mekhoa ea ho roala lisebelisoa, ho kenyelletsa le abrasive, adhesive, diffussive, le thermal cracking, e susumetsoa ke ho itšeha, lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa le maano a ho pholisa. Mokhoa oa ho bolela esale pele, o kenyelletsang mekhoa e thehiloeng ho fisiks, e tsamaisoang ke data, le mekhoa e nyalisitsoeng, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho boleleng esale pele moaparo oa lisebelisoa le ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa mochini. Lithuto tsa liteko li totobatsa katleho ea mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho pholisa le mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lisebelisoa. Lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho shebana le ho kopanya tlhahlobo ea nako ea 'nete, ho nts'etsapele mefuta ea fisiks e mengata, le ho lekola mekhoa e tšoarellang ea machining ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso le katleho ea theko ea thepa e thata haholo.

Polelo e Hatisitsoeng: Haeba ho se na litaelo tse ikhethang, lingoloa tsohle tse fumanehang sebakeng sena sa marang-rang ke tsa mantlha. Ka kopo bonts'a mohloli oa khatiso: https: //www.cncmachiningptj.com/ li -ththanks！

PTJ® e fana ka mefuta e felletseng ea Custom Precision cnc machining china ISO 9001: 2015 & JOALOKAHA-9100 pakiloeng. 3, 4 le 5-axis e nepahetseng ka potlako CNC lisebelisoa lits'ebeletso tse kenyeletsang ho sila, ho fetohela litlhalosong tsa bareki, Lisebelisoa tsa tšepe le tsa polasetiki tse nang le mamello ea +/- 0.005 mm. Litšebeletso tsa bobeli li kenyelletsa CNC le ho sila ho tloaelehileng, ho cheka,shoa ho lahla,lesela la tšepe 'me stampHo fana ka lipapatso, tlhahiso e felletseng, tšehetso ea tekheniki le tlhahlobo e felletseng likoloi, aerospace, hlobo le sesebelisoa, mabone a lebisitsoeng,ya kalafi, baesekele, le moreki elektronike liindasteri. Ho fana ka nako. Re bolelle hanyane ka tekanyetso ea projeke ea hau le nako e lebelletsoeng ea ho fihla. Re tla rera leano la ho fana ka lits'ebeletso tse baballang litšenyehelo ho u thusa ho fihlela sepheo sa hau, Rea u amohela ho Ikopanye le rona ( sales@pintejin.com ) ka kotloloho bakeng sa projeke ea hau e ncha.